![]() ![]() The founders of the field traced their ideas back to work done by Herb Simon of Carnegie Mellon University. It has been responsible for the GUIs that we commonly use and has done much of the research on the algorithms and processes that make cell phones and mobile platforms so appealing to us.Ī third field emerged in the mid-1980s and is called “machine learning.” The leaders of this field recognized that classical artificial intelligence had not achieved its goals and that computer systems could do more than they were accomplishing in the field of human-computer interaction. Because it had more modest goals than classical artificial intelligence, it has done a better job of achieving its targets. This second field has come to be known as “human-computer interaction” and represents one of the larger subdisciplines of computer science today. In a paper called “Man-Computer Symbiosis,” Licklider wrote, “The hope is that, in not too many years, human brains and computing machines will be coupled together very tightly, and the resulting partnership will think as no human brain has ever thought and process data in a way not approached by the information-handling machines we know today.” ![]() Licklider, who worked for the research firm Bolt, Beranek and Newman in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The founder of this field is usually identified as J.C. In the 1960s, some researchers turned away from the problem of duplicating human intelligence to the idea of creating computer systems that could augment human intelligence. Researchers regularly misjudged the effort required to reach the goals that they set for themselves. Rather, they have provided us with useful technology and found some use in production management.įrom the start, classical artificial intelligence research was plagued by exaggerated promises. As a result, such systems have rarely replaced physicians or other experts. Although it worked in a limited framework and was able to exhibit behavior that was similar to that of physicians, it often reached conclusions that were at odds with conventional medical practice. One early system tried to model a physician’s diagnostic expertise. These systems were supposed to capture the expertise of human beings by using sets of rules. ![]() An example of such technology is the expert systems that came from research in the 1970s and 1980s. This branch of research has created some interesting and useful technology but has often failed to reach its goals. Initially, researchers in classical artificial intelligence worked on problems such as natural language translation, symbolic reasoning, and game playing. Although this field is as old as computing itself, many identify classical artificial intelligence’s founders as people such as John McCarthy and Marvin Minsky, who worked at MIT in the mid-1950s. We will call the first “classical artificial intelligence.” Indeed this group is trying to build computers systems that replicate human behavior and could be fairly accused of actually trying to replace human beings with machines. Each group has slightly different goals and often substantially different methods. Want More Tech News? Subscribe to ComputingEdge Newsletter Today!īroadly speaking, we can divide artificial intelligence into four large groups. In December 2014, physicist Stephen Hawking told a BBC program that “The development of full artificial intelligence could spell the end of the human race.” PayPal founder Elon Musk was even more provocative when he claimed that our current approach to artificial intelligence was “summoning the demon.” Lost in this debate is the fact that artificial intelligence is a field with many different points of view and that many researchers aim to enhance human productivity rather than replace human beings. ![]() Many of the comments reflect a concern that machines will soon replace human beings and make people obsolete. Like many public debates, the discussion has been shaped by fear. This discussion began sometime last fall, following a popular movie about Alan Turing and some announcements about robotic automobiles. We are in the midst of a public debate about artificial intelligence. ![]()
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